fuzzyworld

when-am-i / files / src / data / calendars / judea.json

judea.json

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d0ec61d6 2026-06-21 Pavel Safronov1{
2 "region": {
3 "name": "Ancient Israel and Judea (historic Levant)",
4 "geo": {
5 "type": "Polygon",
6 "coordinates": [
7 [
f277378b 2026-06-24 Pavel Safronov8 [
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d0ec61d6 2026-06-21 Pavel Safronov100 ]
101 ]
102 }
103 },
104 "eras": [
105 {
106 "name": "Hebrew calendar (observational, then fixed)",
107 "start": null,
108 "end": null,
109 "calendar": "Hebrew",
110 "usedBy": "the Jewish people",
111 "description": "A lunisolar calendar used by the Jewish people since ancient times in Israel and Judea; the Gezer calendar (c. 10th century BCE) is an early possible artifact. Originally each month began on observation of the new moon and leap months were declared by observing agricultural conditions; between roughly 70 and 1178 CE these empirical rules were gradually replaced by fixed mathematical reckoning (the calendar was essentially fixed by the 4th century CE). Years are counted Anno Mundi (AM), traditionally from one year before the Creation (the molad epoch corresponds to Sunday, 6 October 3761 BCE proleptic Gregorian). The calendar remains in everyday religious use worldwide and is an official calendar of the State of Israel today, so this era is left open-ended.",
112 "sources": [
113 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar",
114 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer_calendar",
115 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Israel_and_Judah"
116 ]
3900f816 2026-06-23 Pavel Safronov117 },
118 {
119 "name": "Roman and Byzantine rule (Julian calendar)",
120 "start": "-0062-01-01",
121 "end": "0638-01-01",
122 "calendar": "ab urbe condita",
123 "usedBy": "the Roman administration and the wider empire",
124 "description": "From Pompey's conquest of Jerusalem in 63 BC, Judea came under Roman rule — a client kingdom under Herod, then a Roman province from AD 6 — and later Byzantine rule, until the Muslim conquest of the Levant around AD 638. The empire's months followed the Julian calendar (the familiar January–December), introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. Years, though, were not numbered the way we number them now: Romans dated by the year's two consuls or an emperor's regnal year, with ab urbe condita — counting from Rome's legendary founding in 753 BC — as a count used mostly by later historians, so what we call AD 1 would be AUC 754. The Anno Domini (AD) system did not exist yet: it was devised only around AD 525 by the monk Dionysius Exiguus and spread centuries later, so no one alive here would have called any year \"1 AD\".",
125 "sources": [
126 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita",
127 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar",
128 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini",
129 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)"
130 ]
131 },
132 {
133 "name": "Seleucid era (Era of Contracts)",
134 "start": "-0199-01-01",
135 "end": "0638-01-01",
136 "calendar": "Seleucid era",
137 "usedBy": "Hellenistic communities and Jews",
138 "description": "After the Battle of Panium (200 BC) Judea passed from Ptolemaic to Seleucid control, and the Seleucid era — counting from 312/311 BC — became a common reckoning across the Hellenistic Near East. Jews adopted it as the \"Era of Contracts\" (minyan shtarot): it dates events in 1 Maccabees and, following Talmudic instruction, was kept in diaspora legal deeds for centuries afterward — among Yemenite Jews into modern times. Around the turn of the era a local using it would count roughly the Seleucid year 312 for what we now call AD 1. The end date here bounds it to its span as a common civil reckoning in the region (to the Muslim conquest, ~AD 638); its use in Jewish legal documents lingered well beyond.",
139 "sources": [
140 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_era",
141 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire"
142 ]
d0ec61d6 2026-06-21 Pavel Safronov143 }
144 ]
f277378b 2026-06-24 Pavel Safronov145}